O Little Town of Bethlehem in Spanish

Here is a Spanish version of the popular Christmas hymn O Little Town of Bethlehem. It was originally written in English by American clergyman Phillips Brooks. Oh pueblecito de Belà ©n Oh pueblecito de Belà ©n, cuà ¡n quieto tà º està ¡s.Los astros en silencio dan su bella luz en paz.Mas en tus calles brilla la luz de redencià ³nque da a todo hombre la eterna salvacià ³n. Nacido el Mesà ­as ha, y en Su derredor,los santos à ¡ngeles de Dios vigilan con amor.Alà ¡benlo los astros; las nuevas proclamadque a los hombres dan la paz y buena voluntad. Oh, cuà ¡n inmenso el amor que nuestro Dios mostrà ³al enviar un Salvador; Su Hijo nos mandà ³.Aunque Su nacimiento pasà ³ sin atencià ³n,aà ºn lo puede recibir el manso corazà ³n. O, santo Nià ±o de Belà ©n, sà © nuestro SalvadorPerdona nuestras faltas hoy y danos tu amor.Los à ¡ngeles anuncian la prometida luz.Ven con nosotros a morar, oh Cristo, Rey Jesà ºs. English Translation of Spanish Lyrics O little town of Bethlehem, how quiet your are.The stars silently give their beautiful light peacefully.But in your streets shines the light of redemptionWhich gives everyone eternal salvation. He was born the Messiah, and in his surroundingsGods holy angels lovingly keep watch.Stars, praise him; proclaim the newsThat they bring peace and goodwill to people. Oh, how great is the love that our God demonstratesby sending a Savior; He sent His Son.Even though His birth occurred without receiving attention,the quiet heart can still receive him. O holy Child of Bethlehem, I know our SaviorForgives our faults today and gives us His love.The angels announce the promised birth.Come dwell with us, oh Christ, King Jesus. Translation Notes Pueblecito is not capitalized in the title. It is the practice in Spanish to capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in composition titles. The interjection oh is less common in Spanish than in English but usually has similar meaning. Although their sound is the same, it should not be confused with the conjunction o nor the letter O. Pueblecito is a diminutive variation of pueblo, a word meaning people or, in this context, town. A diminutive can indicate not only that something is small, but also that something is the object of affection. So pueblecito might be thought of as meaning dear little down or sweet little town. Belà ©n is the Spanish name for Bethlehem. It isnt unusual for names of cities, particularly those well-known centuries ago, to have different names in different languages. Interestingly, in Spanish the word belà ©n (not capitalized) has come to refer to a nativity scene or a crib. It also has a colloquial use referring to confusion or a confusing problem. Note how in the translation many prepositional phrases have been translated as English adverbs. For example, en silencio becomes silently and con amor becomes lovingly. Although most such phrases can be translated word for word to English, it often sounds more natural to use adverbs in English. Astros can refer to stars or other celestial bodies. Estrella is a more common word for star. Beautiful light could be rendered as either bella luz or luz bella. With the adjective (bella) before the noun (luz), the phrase is given a more emotional quality than it might have otherwise, although the difference between the two isnt readily translatable to English. Mas is a somewhat old-fashioned word meaning but. More common today is pero. It shouldnt not be confused with mà ¡s, which usually means more. Although hombre normally refers to an adult human male, it can also refer to humanity in general, especially in literary use. In this way, it is much like the English man. Use of cuà ¡n instead of quà © to mean how is infrequent in everyday speech and is limited mostly to poetic use. Manso isnt a particularly common word. It is often used to refer to docility in animals. Prometida luz is translated here as promised birth. Out of context, the phrase normally would be translated as promised light. But the phrase dar a luz (literally, to give to light) means to give birth, and prometida luz here has two meanings, one of the being a poetic allusion to that meaning. Parts of this song use an unusual word order to maintain the correct rhythm for the music. Most notably, Nacido el Mesà ­as ha (the equivalent of something like born the Messiah has been) would typically be written as Ha nacido el Mesà ­as. It is extremely unusual to separate ha and other forms of haber from a past participle when forming the  perfect tense.

The Last Innocent Suspect Of Elizabeth Howe - 775 Words

The next innocent suspect was Elizabeth Howe. Elizabeth Howe was a blind Ipswich woman who tenderly took care of her husband with a kind soul. Her neighbors foolishly accused her of causing their youngest daughter and cows die, which Elizabeth truthfully denied. Soon more people had their animals injured, in which they interpreted as a supernatural sign of revenge. In court, her own brother-in-law, Captain John accused her of killing his sow and inflicting pain upon him and making his hand not able to work. Elizabeth had nothing to do with this, so she testified â€Å"God knows I am innocent of anything of this nature† (National Geographic Channel 2011). Even though her witness vouched for her and her character she was found guilty (National Geographic Channel 2011). Rebecca Nurse was yet another innocent woman accused of witchcraft. Rebecca was an elderly woman in poor health and a respected member of the church. In the court hearing, she protested her innocence, but when the young accusers started screaming out in fake pain acting like they were being tormented by her, this made her seem guilty to the judges and she was executed (National Geographic Channel 2011). Lastly, Reverend George Burroughs was the only Puritan minister to be accused and executed for witchcraft. He was very strong which made people think he was â€Å"satan’s pretest for evil.† When the reverend was on the ladder for his execution, he recited the Lord’s prayer which, supposedly, witches were unable to do.Show MoreRelatedCauses of the Salem Witch Trials: Political, Religious and Social5005 Words   |  21 Pagesinter animosities was the one between the Thomas Putman of Salem and the Howe, Townes, Easty, Hobbs Wildes families of Topsfield. This dispute originated over territory between Salem Village and Topsfield in which the Putmans claimed that they had legal claim over. A close examination of the trial proceedings will reveal that among those hanged for witchcraft were Rebecca Towne Nurse, Mary Towne Easty and Elizabeth Jackson Howe. In addition, Sarah Towne Cloyce was imprisoned but later pardoned.Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesAcknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello;Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPositions: Franklin D. Schurz Chair, Department of Management, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame; Matherly-McKethan Eminent Scholar in Management, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida; Stanley  M. Howe Professor in Leadership, Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa; Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University; Lecturer, Charles University, Czech

Impact of Globalization on Development Free Essays

Globalization is the buzzword of today. The phenomenon of globalization rapidly swept across the world forcefully and powerfully. Economies of the world are being increasingly integrated as new technology and communication has brought people together. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Globalization on Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now We often hear the phrase that the ‘world has become a global village’ – which itself signifies how much has changed in the world in the past few decades. Financial and industrial globalization is increasing substantially and is creating new opportunities for both industrialized and developing countries. The largest impact has been on developing countries, who now are able to attract foreign investors and foreign capital. This has led to both positive and negative effects for those countries. Economically new parts of the world have opened to capitalist activities. The spread of capitalist activities has been part of globalization process which ties up well with the liberals believe in the possibility of progress (Baylis, J. , et al. (2008, p. 110). Free trade is the reduction or removal of commercial barriers between countries. This allows a freer flow of labor and goods between member countries in a trade pact. As free trade agreements become more common around the globe, the positive impact on developing countries has been touted as one of their greatest successes. There are several advantages to developing countries that participate in free trade. Free trade is an economic practice whereby countries can import and export goods without fear of government intervention. Government intervention includes tariffs and import or export bans or limitations. Free trade offers several benefits to countries, especially those in the developing stage. According to a widely used definition, a developing country is a nation with low levels of economic resources and/or low standard of living. Developing countries can often advance their economy through strategic free trade agreements. Increased Resources Developing countries can benefit from free trade by increasing their amount of or access to economic resources. Nations usually have limited economic resources. Economic resources include land, labor and capital. Land represents the natural resources found within a nations borders. Small developing nations often have the lowest amounts of natural resources in the economic marketplace. Free trade agreements ensure small nations can obtain the economic resources needed to produce consumer goods or services. By using a country’s comparative advantage, or what they can produce at a lower opportunity cost than other countries, they can get all the benefits of trade. If every country has a comparative advantage that means that everyone can gain from trade. There is remarkable evidence that globalization is helping countries expand and achieve higher incomes or a higher GDP Improved Quality of Life Free trade usually improves the quality of life for a developing nations citizens. They can import goods that are not readily available within their borders. Importing goods may be cheaper for a developing country than attempting to produce consumer goods or services within their borders. Many developing nations do not have the production processes available for converting raw materials into valuable consumer goods. Developing countries with friendly neighbors may also be able to import goods more often. Importing from neighboring countries ensures a constant flow of goods that are readily available for consumption. In countries with a higher degree of globalization, policies tend to support more accountability in the private and public sectors. These nations are more likely to maintain courts that recognize property rights and enforce the rule of law. Their governments are more effective and less corrupt. Policies in these more globalized countries tend to be more stable, essential for long-term planning by business. (Fisher, 2006) Better Foreign Relations Better foreign relations is usually an unintended result of free trade. Developing nations are often subject to international threats. Developing strategic free trade relations with more powerful countries can help ensure a developing nation has additional protection from international threats. Developing countries can also use free trade agreements to improve their military strength and their internal infrastructure, as well as to improve politically. This unintended benefit allows developing countries to learn how they should govern their economy and what types of government policies can best benefit their people. Production Efficiency Developing countries can use free trade to improve their production efficiency. Most nations are capable of producing some type of goods or service. However, a lack of knowledge or proper resources can make production inefficient or ineffective. Free trade allows developing countries to fill in the gaps regarding their production processes. Individual citizens may also visit foreign countries to increase education or experience in specific production or business methods. These individuals can then bring back crucial information about improving the nations production processes (Yutzis, 2001) Increased Standard of Living Economic globalization gives governments of developing nations access to foreign lending. When these funds are used on infrastructure including roads, health care, education, and social services, the standard of living in the country increases. If the money is used only selectively, however, not all citizens will participate in the benefits. Access to New Markets Globalization leads to freer trade between countries. This is one of its largest benefits to developing nations. Homegrown industries see trade barriers fall and have access to a much wider international market. The growth this generates allows companies to develop new technologies and produce new products and services. Higher Employment Rates As developed countries are able to move their operations into developing countries, new job opportunities open up for local workers. Increased levels of employment lead to a higher standard of living and more consumer purchasing. This ultimately sparks the country’s economy and may help to develop locally owned business. Research was conducted on national incomes around the world during the 1990s and results showed that the income of rich globalized countries increased by 2% each year. The results also show that poor, more globalized countries have a higher increase in income per year than poor, less globalized countries. Actually according to this research the poor, more globalized countries have had an increase in income of 5% ach year while the poor, less globalized countries had a decrease of 1% per year. Less Child Labor Child labor occurs in developing countries for many reasons but one of the main reasons is lack of technology. Children are used as a cheap substitute for manufacturing equipment. In developing countries, sending their children to work is the only way a family can survive. Usually ther e is not an abundance of schools and medical care like in the wealthier countries, and even if education and proper health care is available it is only available to the wealthier families who can afford it. Through globalization, households will make higher incomes which may eventually enable a family to send their children to school and provide some type of health care. In another article by Jagdih Bhagwati he states, â€Å"child labor will certainly diminish over time as growth occurs, partly due to globalization. † (Bhagwati). Free trade allows companies to invest in equipment and pay higher wages to adult workers through foreign investment. With higher family incomes, children are able to attend school rather than work. Access to New Markets Not only does free trade allow foreign-owned companies to establish themselves in developing countries, it also allows native companies to sell to foreign markets. This expands their customer base and leads to new products and services and the viability of investing in innovation. This is particularly true for small businesses in developing countries. These companies no longer have to worry about absorbing the costs of tariffs and other barriers to market entry and can sell their products freely. Higher Levels of Investment Capital Most free trade agreements also reduce restrictions on foreign investment. With new capital entering a developing country, it begins an upward productivity cycle that stimulates the entire economy. An inflow of foreign capital can also stimulate the banking system, leading to more investment and consumer lending. Increased Life Expectancy An increase in employment levels, incomes, and the general standard of living alleviates hunger and lack of medical care in developing countries. Preventative medical care including checkups and vaccinations are available to more of the population. It also increases the number of children who are educated and attend school regularly. The ultimate result is an increase in the average life span and a reduction in infant deaths. Widening Disparity in Incomes While an influx of foreign companies and foreign capital creates a reduction in overall unemployment and poverty, it can also increase the wage gap between those who are educated and those who are not. Over the longer term, education levels will rise as the financial health of developing countries rise, but in the short term, some of the poor will become poorer. Not everyone will participate in an elevation of living standards. Decreased Employment The influx of foreign companies into developing countries increases employment in many sectors, especially for skilled workers. However, improvements in technology come with the new businesses and that technology spreads to domestic companies. Automation in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors lessens the need for unskilled labor and unemployment rises in those sectors. If there is no infrastructure to help the unemployed train for the globalized economy, social services in the country may become strained trying to care for the new underclass. How to cite Impact of Globalization on Development, Papers

Morse Code free essay sample

Probably the most well known Morse Code Message is the one made up of three short pulses, then three long pulses, then three short pulses again. Or dot dot dot, dash dash dash, dot dot dot. This message means S O S (S = and O is ), the distress signal. Officially, the short and long pulses are called dits and dahs, but we like to call them dots and dashes anyway. Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail also developed a telegraph machine, which is what is used to send Morse Code messages. A telegraph operator sits at the machine and taps out long and short taps to represent the letters of the message hes sending. I imagine it must take a lot of concentration and a very good memory to keep track of all those dots and dashes! The very first telegraph message ever sent was a short one, but very interesting. We will write a custom essay sample on Morse Code or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The message was: What God Hath Wrought. You may want to try putting that message in the encoder to see what it looks like! Heres a list of the letters and numbers, as well as the series of dots and dashes for each one.  Before you look at it, think about this. In order to save time, the shortest sequences should be used for the letters which are most commonly used, right? So which letters do you think are dot and dash? Check the list below to see if youre right!

I believe the government should fund people who ar Essays - Tax

I believe the government should fund people who are interested and involved in the arts. That shouldn't be taken out of our tax dollars. I think that if they are legit about their interest in the arts, they should be allowed the equal financial aid as anything else would. At the same time I don't agree that the government or taxpayers should be forced to support the music or visual arts. It should be an option. People have to pay taxes for everything else already, even things they aren't supportive of them. In perspective one I partially agree. They are already involved in many areas of funding and they choose who it goes to. The government is the one who decided what to tax and how much. They may not decide when certain groups get funding. In perspective two I agree that government funding is a big contributor for the arts. I do not believe that it is essential. Government funding has not always been around and there are many man made works of art that are famous. There are many other things the funds could go to like homeless shelters or other important places they could use the money to help people. The money for the arts is not very essential. I completely agree with perspective three because it's true that if your work isn't very good that people won't buy it. That is just how it is and you don't need to give thousands of dollars to fund some artists who really aren't that good. Famous artists from long ago who are famous today became famous by having good skills, not by the funding from the government.

The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Essay Example

The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Essay Example The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Paper The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Paper Essay Topic: Literature Ray Bradbury Short Stories I have been asked to read two stories from the science fiction genre and discuss and comment on the similarities and differences. The two stories that I have read are; The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by H. G. Wells and The Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler. Both of these stories are of the same genre, but science fiction is difficult to define. In order for me to complete this essay, and compare the two stories to their full extent, I feel that I must comprehend what science fiction means and what makes a good science fiction story. Different writers have their own definitions. I have chosen two, which I believe to express simple but different views. Ray Bradburys definition states; Science fiction is really sociological studies of the future, things that the writer believes are going to happen by putting two and two together. Whereas Bruce H. Franklin said; In fact, one good working definition of science fiction may be the literature which, growing with science and technology, evaluates it and relates it meaningfully to the rest of human existence. Both of these definitions are comprehensive and frequently used, although, we have to recognise that they represent the writers own opinions and are therefore subjective. Although the definitions vary, and are influenced from different sources, they could prove useful in considering the likeness of the stories to the definitions and provide a good framework for assessing them. Studying definitions is not the only way to classify the stories as being good science fiction. There are main elements which all good science fiction stories contain that fit into the science fiction genre. They are set in the future, contain a moral and there are often twists in the plots. Usually the human behaviour is determined by the era in which it was written. By both comparing the stories to the main elements and the definitions I shall be able to consider the factors of each story that provide good science fiction. I feel that to help me with the task set it is necessary to know background information about the authors and the time of their writing. The authors upbringing and way of life before and during novel writing is one very important factor that I have to consider when making comparisons between the stories. It is very clear when reading both, that they have been heavily influenced by previous experiences encountered, as well as their general perception of the world around them. Both writers are also heavily influenced by the era in which they grew up and lived, there are many references to aspects unique to these times, as well as to aspects in which each author is opinionated on. These influences affect the way the stories are written as well as the way the characters behave and the language that is used. The influences are shown in many ways throughout both stories. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus was written by H. G. Wells. He was born in 1866 into the cramped life of Victorian lower middle class of Bromley, Kent. Due to unfortunate circumstances involving his father, at the age of thirteen H. G. Wells was sent to work in a drapers shop. His passion for science grew as he got older and he frequently sneaked off to the library to study. His hard work finally paid off when he won a scholarship to study science at the Imperial College, London. It was during his time here where H. G. Wells became increasingly concerned with social justice and got involved with the Fabian society. This society encouraged Wellss belief in the socialist movement, which sought to bring about a fairer society by planning a gradual system of reforms. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is set, as well as written, in Victorian England, so consequently the story portrays England in a different way from which we know it today. This way of living provoked many different beliefs and ideas on issues that may seem controversial today. One aspect that Wells put across through his story is that of male dominance. At the time when the story was written and set, males were seen to be superior to the women, and were therefore treated with more respect and authority. The main role of women was seen to be bringing up of children and housekeeping. Wells has included references of this within the story by the way he has portrayed the relationship between Minnie and her husband. This is shown in one particular conversation when Minnie is asked a question by her husband, she politely replies, Nothing, dear, because I remember However, she is interrupted abruptly by her husband, which is a typical example of how much respect husbands and wives had of each other during that era. Present within this period was a definite system of class and position within society, with three main sectors; the lower class, the middle class and the upper class. The lower class categorized the poorest in society, and was the lowest group in the system. Nowadays it is often referred to as the working class which reflects the nature of the people within it, who often worked in industry or were unemployed and lived in the terraced slums around a city. The middle class were seen by the Victorians as a group with a higher position within society. They were given more respect compared with the lower class, however were not as rich as the upper class. The upper class were a group defined for the richest in society that consisted mainly of the local gentry. Throughout Wellss story there are many references to the class system, most expressing subtle stereotypical views. Due to his beliefs as a socialist he did not agree with the class system and these heavily influence the story as his opinions are reflected many times throughout. Wells uses ingenious techniques to put across his opinions skilfully without being too direct. He often uses subtle mocking of characters that display stereotypical behaviour of a certain class. We can tell this from the speeches of the cab driver and the bacteriologist. The cab driver is stereotypically portrayed as a lower class Victorian man who has not been educated very well. This is evident when he says, Thats Arry Ilks. Wots he got? The way Wells writes the cabmans speech implies that all cabmen are of his calibre. Wells therefore suggests that all cab drivers are not well spoken and educated. Another character which Wells stereotypes, is the bacteriologist. Wells portrays him as a middle class man and a typical scientist, he says when talking to the Anarchist, Here is the living thing. This is the cultivation of the actual living disease bacteria. This shows that he is a well-spoken character from a well-educated background. He is portrayed as a typical scientist due to the manner in which he behaves. Wells creates his character to seem rather eccentric and lively, this is shown when he reacts instantly and without thinking, when he finds out that the cholera has been stolen. By stereotyping different classes, it is possible that Wellss intention was not to be making fun of the lower class, but mocking the upper class people for treating others less prominent in society the way they do. The Background regarding the Half Pair is very different from The Case of the Stolen Bacillus, even though they both aim to produce a good piece of science fiction writing. Arthur Bertrum Chandler, born in 1912, wrote the Half Pair. Although born in Aldershot, UK he is usually considered as an Australian author. Over half his life was spent at sea on a British tramp steamer and then finally joined the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand. During these passages at sea, he wrote many of his novels, however he retired in 1975 but continued to write until his death. This piece of science fiction writing was written in 1957, but set many years in the future. There are many references to the 1950s within the story as well as futuristic ideas. This is evident when the wife includes within her speech references to everyday chores relating to the 1950s, such as making dinner, as well as futuristic ideas of space. She says, Since when can I do without gravity even though a centrifugal force in the gallery? Youve ruined dinner. Wells often includes within this story speeches that reflect upon the time of writing as well as including ideas that would have been seen as very futuristic, but not as significant nowadays. Another aspect of this story that has been influenced by the authors way of life is the constant references that are made to his time spent at sea. The main setting for the story is a space ship, which is probably done because the author is used to spending time onboard ships and there are therefore many references in the use of language and descriptions to that of a boat. Although set on a space ship, the story is described with many similarities to that of a boat. References such as the use of the word chandler, which is used when referring to the place where the characters bought their equipment. When you get back to mars demand a survey of all the equipment sold by Sorenson the ship chandler The Half Pair and The Case of the Stolen Bacillus, both fit into the science fiction genre but are completely different in content and ideas. However, there are some similarities such as the elements that make up a science fiction story. One of the noticeable differences between the two stories is the time scale. The Half Pair is written in the 1950s, but set far into the future, whereas The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is set and written in the Victorian era. This proves vital in the type of story that is produced, as different eras had different views on English way of life as many things had changed since the Victorian era. This is shown in the two stories by the way the writers express themselves and include references to daily life i. e. the references to nautical terms in Half Pair and references to class in Stolen Bacillus. During the 1950s there was seen to be more freedom within society, which was less inhibited by the class structure that had nearly been abolished. This is one of the biggest differences between the two stories backgrounds, however there are similarities. Although the class system was comparatively non-existent at the time of Half Pairs writing there are still small references to the belief that men were more prominent than women in society. This is evident in Half Pair by the way the wife is stereotypically portrayed as a housewife. An example occurs as she makes dinner for her husband. Bertrum Chandler has also created some humour in regards to the roles of men and women in society. Both the husband a wife have a conversation which makes light of the small belief that men had a greater position within life, but it also shows how women had gained a lot more respect in society and were not as dominated by their husbands. This is shown in a particular conversation between the husband and wife, where the wife says, Some women are fools enough to trust their husbands. Theyre the ones who havent learned the hard way, the same way I did. The husband replies, Some men are fools enough to kid themselves that their wives have an elementary knowledge of pluming. The writers backgrounds are totally different, and consequently, as I have shown, the stories differ greatly as a result. Another aspect of the stories which is affected due to the writers backgrounds, are the plots. Although from the same genre the plots differ extensively. The Case of the Stolen Bacilluss main plot involves an amateur bacteriologist who receives a visit from an undercover anarchist in Victorian London. The anarchist who is nothing other than a stranger to the bacteriologist pretends to be interested in his work and asks to see ongoing experiments. The naive bacteriologist takes the opportunity to boast about his investigation into the newly discovered disease of cholera. The anarchist (now identified by the bacteriologist) steals the cholera bacteria, with plans to release the cholera bacteria into the cities water supply with the intention of infecting the whole city. This incident provokes a cab chase involving the bacteriologist pursuing the anarchist who unintentionally breaks the tube containing the cholera. Consequently, the anarchist drinks the solution as he sees this as the only resort and proceeds to walk round the streets bumping into people with the hope of them catching and spreading the disease. The outcome of this contains a twist within the plot for the readers as the anarchist turns blue. It is revealed that the solution was not cholera, but a disease that turns monkeys blue. The Half Pair differs completely in regards to the plot and is set in future outer space. Its main plot is created by a pair of cuff links and a couple who live onboard a space ship. The cuff links begin the story by one being lost, this is due to being washed down the sink into the ships disposal system and excreted into outer space. This causes certain unease with the couple who seem to be partial to the pair of cuff links. The man decides that he wants to venture into space to retrieve it, although it becomes evident that it is a two person task. The man has no-one to enter space with because his wife has a phobia of space suits, he therefore goes alone. This results in havoc as he runs out of oxygen and his lifeline snaps. The last part of the story contains a twist, as the reader believes that the man is destined for death as he passes out and begins to float into space, however his wife overcomes her phobia and saves him. The plots of these stories contain many techniques that induce the reader to continue reading. The way the climaxes are built up in each story has a major effect on how dramatic they are. In the Stolen Bacillus the climax is built up gradually, Wells does this in two main sections. He firstly creates and air of expectation for the reader which involves the anticipation of a London catastrophe and what the anarchist could do. The tension slowly rises and builds up to the chase sequence, where the anarchist is trying to escape. The climax is resolved with a twist in the plot that also has an effect as an anticlimax. The Half Pair however, contains a slightly more subtle climax. It is built up around a couple having an argument in a domestic situation; the argument causes the tension to build up gradually until the husband finds himself floating around in space in trouble. It is not as dramatic as the climax in The Stolen Bacillus, but resolves itself with a rather cliched happy ending. Both of the stories climaxes are used to maintain the readers interest and I believe that both are effective as the reader is wondering what is going to happen next in many sections. In the past, at the time of writing, another aspect that would have helped to keep readers attention would have been the way that in both stories the writer has included ideas and objects which the readers could have related to the then present day. Nowadays this could also possibly help the interest levels of the reader as they are finding out a different way of life giving a historical perspective of the story. This applies more so to The Stolen Bacillus, as it is further into the past. Both stories are similar in the fact that they contain twists, where the reader is lead to believe a different outcome up till close to the end where it is dramatically twisted another way round. The twist in the Stolen Bacillus was an anticlimax. I believe this was reasonably effective as it created some tension as a result of the possible damage which the anarchist could have caused. It also added humour, which may or may not have been Wellss intention, but I believe is effective. The twist used in The Half Pair is used to create an ending that lasts in your mind. When you find out that the wife has saved her husband it comes as a surprise, which adds excitement to the story. In both plots the main story line involves items going missing i. e. the bacteria and the cuff links, this is another similarity between the stories. Another aspect that makes the stories similar is how they both contain ideas and technology relevant to the era when it was written. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus was written at a time when the UK was rife with many epidemics such as cholera. These diseases, at the time, were not thoroughly known about, so many scientists would have been investigating and researching them. At the time when Half Pair was written, men in space, and space travel was a new idea that was being discovered. Although this is a similarity it can also be a difference as each story has been influenced by a different time of history. Characters are a major feature in stories and contain a strong link between the plots, and the morals and messages they are preaching. In both stories there is a great similarity in the fact that that they both have couples as the main characters. The Stolen Bacillus however, contains another prominent role played as an anarchist as well as also having minor characters included within it. This differs from The Half Pair, as within this story there are no other characters apart from the couple. Both Wellss story and Chandlers stories were of a short length, which means that the authors had a confined amount of time to create and develop characters. Consequently we see in both stories very strong characters displaying strong personalities. In The Case of the Stolen Bacillus there are three prominent characters, the anarchist, The Bacteriologist and Minnie, his wife. Wells uses many techniques to display these three characters in certain ways to try and create a vivid image for readers. I feel that Wells intended for the anarchist to be portrayed as a villain and he uses dialogue, imagery and atmosphere to show this. Wells describes the anarchist a pale faced man and as having deep grey eyes. This dull imagery gives the impression to the reader that the man is up to no good and it is backed up with the language which he uses to suggest that the anarchist is a baddy. It is particularly evident that Wells is trying to conjure up a bad image for the anarchist when the anarchist says, death mysterious, untraceable death, death swift and terrible, death full of pain and indignity would be released on this city. Although I believe Wells tries to conjure up a picture regarding the anarchist as a villain, I feel that he is more successful in creating a character that appears to be ignorant. Wells probably intentionally does this, as he tries to make fun of anarchism and through mocking the anarchist he can achieve this and express his opinions to the readers. This is shown when he says, These Anarchist rascals, are fools, blind fools to use bombs when this kind of thing is attainable. The Bacteriologist is another prominent character in Stolen Bacillus, however very different in personality. Wells portrays him, very stereotypically, as a boastful amateur scientist who wants to appear to be very intellectual. Wells uses the speeches between characters to portray this, especially in is opening speech when he says, This again, is a preparation of the celebrated Bacillus of Cholera the cholera germ. The reader discovers later on in the story that the scientist was leading the anarchist on, and realises that the bacteria wasnt actually cholera. This shows that the character of the scientist is maybe not so stereotypical as Wells first makes out. Although, Wells does included some very stereotypical behaviour regarding the relationships between The Bacteriologist and his wife, Minnie. As I have said before, Minnie is put across as being a typical Victorian housewife, very trustworthy, proper and correct. She abides completely by her husband and is very loyal to him as well as to the rules of the time. This part of Victorian society is shown by Wells when Minnie is keen to make sure that her husband does not leave the house without his hat and coat, as it was seen to be disrespectful in these times. It is shown using dialogue, by Wells when the wife is shocked about the fact that her husband has left not properly dressed and she says, But running around London in the height of the season, too in his socks! Included in the plot of Stolen Bacillus are other minor characters which all have their significances in some way even though they do not have a large part to play. The cab drivers are an example of this. As I have said earlier Wells stereotypes them and portrays them as lower class, using dialogue to help illustrate this. I have also noticed that Wells does n ot name the bacteriologist or the anarchist, he just labels them or describes them, which is probably done to emphasises their characters. The structure regarding the characters in the Half Pair differs in comparison with The Stolen Bacillus as The Half Pair only contains two characters. These prominent characters however, do have similarities between the main characters in The Stolen Bacillus. Similarly to The Stolen Bacillus, in The Half Pair there is a husband and wife as main characters. In The Half Pair the couple remains nameless, similarly to the Anarchist and the bacteriologist in The Stolen Bacillus, the only prominent character to be given a name in either story was Minnie, the bacteriologists wife. The relationships between the two couples in both stories are similar, however they also differ because of the different time of writing. As I have said earlier, The Stolen Bacillus represents a Victorian relationship between Minnie and her husband, which is rife with the idea of male dominance. I also believe that there are some references to this type of behaviour in The Half Pair even though it is set much later on in time. There are some elements of the behaviour between the couple in The Half Pair that also suggest that the wife is dominated by her husband. This behaviour is certainly not to the same extent as the in The Stolen Bacillus, and we also find that it is actually the husband in The Half Pair who is trying to abide to rules of good manners and not lower his standards when he says, We agreed that we werent going to let ourselves lapse, get sloppy The drinks straight from the bottle and the food straight from the can In comparing the characters in each story I feel that Wells conjures up stronger, more meaningful ones that are rife with personality. One way in which both authors have created and defined characters is by carefully selecting the language and dialogue that they use. The language used in each story is different because of the eras they were written in. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is harder to read and comprehend, due to the changes in English language, between the Victorian era and present day, although it demonstrates the correct manner of speaking at its time of writing. The Stolen Bacillus frequently uses scientific terminology, to make the story more convincing to the reader. Wells uses relatively simple scientific descriptions such as cholera, as to not make the story to complicated. In Wellss story there were not many futuristic descriptions as it was set at a similar time to writing and was mainly based upon something that hadnt happened yet. Bertrum Chandler also includes scientific terminology in his story, The Half Pair. The content however is more futuristic and complicated. This is because the author is trying to predict the future and to do so needs to include advanced ideas. For example Chandler uses descriptions such as centrifugal force. The dialogue present in each story demonstrates more clearly many of the characters personalities. I feel that throughout both stories the dialogue is convincing although there are some elements which I feel were not as believable. For example I feel that in The Stolen Bacillus Wells might have over exaggerated the relationship between Minnie and The Bacteriologist. He achieved this by including speeches between the couple where Minnie simply agreed with everything her husband said, she often used the phrase yes dear. I feet that this became humorous throughout the story as she behaved completely different around her husband than anyone else. Wells probably expressed her character in this way in order to emphasise the stereotypical Victorian female role she plays. The dialogue in The Half Pair seems to be more like the present way of speaking. This is because the characters tended to speak in a more colloquial fashion, with not much use of complicated words and the sarcasm used is more relevant to todays society. An example of sarcasm is when she says, Anyone would think that youd lost the Crown Jewels There are many different ideas within both stories that contain morals and messages that the authors are trying to put across. In The Case of the Stolen Bacillus there are many interlinked morals, messages and ideas. Wells focuses intently on stereotyping individuals and groups of people of the time. This is done so that the messages which he puts across can be stronger, and also, so that he can subtly mock different people. One idea where Wells used this technique was when he referred to the class system, however he did this less obviously and consequently the message is not as strong. Wells also stereotyped The Bacteriologist as being a typical amateur scientist. His idea is put across in the story so that Wells can warn people about the risks of bacteriological research. Wells probably wants to warn people as he studied science and realises the risks and may be angered by the way amateurs have the responsibilities of investigating bacteria. Another one of the main ideas that Wells expresses in his story is that of Anarchy, and how it doesnt fit in with society. He mocks anarchy, and I believe that he is trying to say that anarchists are not necessarily fighting for a cause, but just trying to get attention. Wells shows this in the story due to the failure of the anarchists plan, and how the anarchist believes he can spread cholera by bumping into people, which seems laughable in todays society and to a certain extent the Victorian society. I feel that this message is effective but it is only towards the end of the story that the reader realises that Wells is subtly trying to mock anarchy. The Half Pair differs from Wellss story, as it only appears to put across one main message. I feel that Chandler uses the pair of cufflinks to illustrate his message, loved ones are more important than trivial things dont take them for granted. Chandlers use of the cufflinks is very ingenious and they link the message to the story. The cufflinks at the beginning the play are seen as very important to the man, however towards the end, when his life is a risk, the cufflinks become rather insignificant. Chandler ends the story in a very ingenious way, as the message is only revealed to the reader at the very end of the story when the wife says, I do so hate a half pair of anything and I dont mean only cufflinks! This last line of the story is also clever, as it links it together with the first line of the play, and gives the whole story and the message some significance. Another smaller message which I believe Chandler may be putting across is that people will always have the same sorts of problems thoughts and feelings, no matter what the day and age. Overall I believe that Chandler is trying to say that however much our world changes in the future, relationships and love will still be of upmost importance, and no matter what, couples will still have to overcome mundane problems even with a technologically advanced world around them. I believe that both stories are effective in putting across messages, however Wells includes more, and preaches them more subtly. In The Stolen Bacillus, the messages are there, but you have to look for them. The Half Pair messages tended to be simpler and easier to understand, but this is probably due to myself, the reader finding the story easier to comprehend as they relate to modern day more so than in The Stolen Bacillus. Although in todays society The Half Pair is easier to relate to, I feel that both of the stories relate their messages and content to the societies in which they were written. In comparing the two stories I have found many differences and similarities, however I now have to consider whether each of them are examples of good science fiction. I stated at the beginning of this essay, some definitions of science fiction and elements which writing of the science fiction genre should have. I have looked at each story against the definitions and elements of science fiction, and have seen how they have corresponded. I feel that both stories fit into the science fiction genre and they both contain most of the elements which a good piece of sci-fi writing does. The Case of The Stolen Bacillus contains a moral and a twist but it is not set in the future, however it does contain futuristic ideas. The Half Pair appears to contain all of the elements which I mentioned at the beginning of this essay, however I dont believe that they have been expressed as well as in Wellss story. Each story also tries to put meaningful messages across to a reader of the time of writing, although I believe that these messages are still applicable in society today. The twists in both stories are reasonably effective. I found that in The Case of the Stolen Bacillus the twist was not as well written, and therefore not as effective. Although each story differs in how well they correspond to the element of science fiction, a factor that suggests that both of these pieces are good science fiction writing is that they correlate strongly to the definitions given by Ray Bradbury and Bruce H. Franklin.

The Spectacle of Terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Spectacle of Terror - Essay Example Now a day, violence on television has become concrete representation of class conflict in the society. The easy accessibility to the media technology helped quickly revealing many significant events across the country. For instance, the police trial and consequent unrest in Los Angeles, the Rodney King beating, and the 9/11, together with the alarming revelation of the country’s vulnerability towards international terrorist attacks. The media has become an integral part of the real and essential assemblies of various social institutions like, hospitals, schools, political, administrative and military systems, even in religions. The media has the power to lead gathering and transmitting news, advertising, conducting campaigns. In the same way, there is a widely accepted belief that â€Å"those who make the headlines have the power.† Moreover, the media plays significant role for successfully conducting and executing wars, educational programs, entertainment, and socializ ation. The influences the media have on such social enterprises are legitimate points for evaluating the impacts of saturation too. Even though the general individual homicide rates in U.S. have been steady for many years, there is an increase in the number of school-aged children towards homicidal attitudes. Since 1980s, there have been a sudden rise in the gun-related homicides among the teens and several publicized murders have taken place in schools making the issue too complicated to handle. The violence among youth is attributed to the permutation of various factors, which impede their emotional ad social developments. Obviously, visual media has played a great role in creating such drastic situation. Today, visual media has become an invasive element of American family life, and symbolic violence illustrated in such medium has become a significant social issue. Therefore, such obvious revelation underlines the question of media’s ability to form awareness and attitude within the mass, especially the youth. We find it too hard to form counterbalancing factors to the violent death themes exemplified by the media. Moreover, the ability to discrete between fantasy and reality is very less in the children, adversely affecting them by creating misconception of death in their mind. Hence, consequences are getting enlarged in an age of media modernization, expansion, and saturation. When the media content is in progress with technology and culture, it influences the method in which reality is comprehended. The modern perceptive and assessment of violence at the hands of government representatives and terrorists are customized and memorized by the present media technologies. In the same way, visual media often undergoes a phenomenon called â€Å"disaster marathons,† days and weeks of intense and continuous media coverage of massive tragedies such as, the 9/11 and its aftermath. In the opinion of Fischoff (2005), it creates all kind of possible dest ructive consequences on viewers and on journalists’ ethics due to the emotionally saturated over coverage of these traumatizing events. Undoubtedly, the media passes on entertainment and related diversions to all segments of people. The foremost audio-visual medium that

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film analysis - Essay Example People positioned in the front become more clearly seen than those at the back (Gernot 35). Lighting in the film is plentiful and majorly used to emphasize more on the comments the general gave to the soldiers in the line (Riviere 23). For instance, in the short clip, lighting in the front becomes brighter while as one moves towards the back, lighting on the faces of the soldiers becomes reduced. In addition to lighting, the soldiers are in the hall and viewers could be able to see it clearly (Gernot 44). In the film, all the soldiers wear the same costume, that is, the soldiers wear white tops while the general wears a green combat. The soldiers remain in a line, and their faces remain positioned straight ahead. In addition, they remain totally alert in the whole clip indicating obedience of power just like in the real army. Though the setting, of the film remains in a hall, but still the element of obedience by the soldiers any place they belong becomes depicted in the film (Gernot 66). In terms of sound, it is realistic. There is no music played in the back in order for the audience to concentrate more on the words the general speaks to the soldiers. In this case, the general congratulates the first soldier as being a genius. The purpose of no music in the film also brought out the element of soldier- general relationship pretty well (Riviere 23). The atmosphere brought about in the short clip remains to be tense. Often the interaction between the general and the soldiers always expected to be tense. Soldiers often become expected to obey all commands from the soldiers (Gernot 56). In a realistic manner, the clip became meant to bring such aspects of tension, and the obedience soldiers have for their general in detail. The soldiers remain the position in one straight line, none looking sideways, but straight ahead away from the camera. The camera becomes positioned in the film in one direction, in order to capture the line of soldiers. In addition, the camer a utilized lighting by ensuring the clip became a close up to concentrate more on the commentary of the general to the soldier, for example, the two general and the soldier in the front become well lit compared to those at the back (Gernot 76). Furthermore, the camera became set in a way to show the element of aspect ratio and dimension pretty well, that is, people in the front became shown in the clip as bigger compared to people at the back. Moreover, in terms of clarity, people at the front remained clearer than people positioned far away from the camera in order to bring the element of aspect ratio in the clip. In conclusion, the clip remained to convey the message it meant to convey is a professional manner. The audience eventually could get the meaning of the commentary from the general to the soldier and acknowledge the importance of setting. Works Cited Gernot Friedbacher, Henning Bubert. Surface and Thin Film Analysis: A Compendium of Principles, Instrumentation, and Applic ations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Riviere, J. C. Film analytical techniques. New York: Clarendon Press,

Please detail the five-year plan for your career, including the jobs Essay

Please detail the five-year plan for your career, including the jobs you would like to have, how you would leverage your education, and how you would otherwise - Essay Example My background has given me adequate tools to grasp the fundamentals of international business, but I am strong believer that learning must never stop. Hence, in the first two years after completing my MBA, I fully intend to apply in a corporation where I will be exposed to the challenges of surviving in a global environment, and more importantly, learn to overcome those challenges. The goal, after all, is to thrive and not merely to survive. With my educational background and my work experiences, I see myself rising up the corporate ladder and finding myself in a position where I will be required to make judgment calls, and where I have discretion over business policies and strategies. After having â€Å"learned from the masters† so to speak, I intend to set up my own Korean trade company, marketing Korean raw materials or products to global markets. I believe that a company is only as good as its product and its people, so I intend to make sure that I have a viable product and a team of efficient, talented and committed individuals as passionate about global trade as I am, to manufacture and market those products under my leadership. A business is not merely about numbers and profits, it is also about human resource and I am intent on harnessing the best human resources available and making sure that my employees are amply rewarded, not only in the form of a competitive income package but also in terms of training and skills development. I am also committed to the concept of corporate responsibility, and I believe in setting up an international company that has a conscience and is aware of the role it plays in society. I believe in raising the bar when it comes to environmental-conscious practices, or labor practices, for instance. Lastly, as a way of giving back, my five-year-plan includes teaching young minds, and guiding those who want to embark on a similar journey. I have a

GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Professional Networks

GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Professional Networks GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Large-Scale Professional Networks Dr. M. Rajasekhara, Babu B. V. Arunragavan Abstract Impact Maximization means to discover the top-K fascinating people to expand the impact spread inside a professional networks, which remains important yet difficult issue. Turned out to be NP-hard, the impact expansion issue pulls in gigantic studies. In spite of the fact that there exist fundamental eager calculations which may give great close estimation to ideal result, the ill effects of low computational proficiency and unnecessarily long execution time, restricting the application to substantial scale informal communities. In this paper, to quicken the impact boost by leveraging the parallel transforming ability of design handling unit (GPU). The enhancement of the current greedy calculations and outline a base up traversal calculation with GPU usage, which contains inbuilt parallelism. To best fit the proposed impact expansion calculation with the GPU construction modeling, we further create a versatile K-level mix technique to amplify the parallelism and redesign the impact c hart to minimize the potential disparity. We do far reaching explores different avenues regarding both certifiable and professional network follows and show that with IMGPU model. KEY WORDS: Index Terms—Impact maximization, GPU, large-scale professional networks, IMGPU, bottom-up traversal algorithm. INTRODUCTION: The organizations, for example, linkedIN, visualCV and meetup play a critical part as productive media for quick spreading data, thoughts, and impact among gigantic population, and such impact has been significantly amplified with the quick increment of online clients. The organizations present extraordinary open doors for expansive scale viral advertising, a showcasing methodology that advances items through verbal impacts. While the force of professional systems has been investigated more to amplify the profit of viral showcasing, it gets to be crucial to understand how we can amplify the impact over the interpersonal organization. This issue, alluded to as impact amplification, is to choose inside a given interpersonal organization a little set of compelling people as beginning clients such that the normal number of affected clients, called impact spread, is expanded. The impact amplification issue is intriguing yet testing. Tis is turned out to be NP-hard and proposed a fundamental eager calculation that gives great rough guess to the ideal result. On the other hand, their methodology is genuinely restricted in productivity since it needs to run Monte-Carlo reproduction for extensively long time period to ensure a precise gauge. Despite the fact that various progressive deliberations have been made to enhance the proficiency, condition of-the-craftsmanship methodologies still experience the ill effects of unreasonably long execution time because of the high-computational intricacy for large scale informal communities. Then again, representation preparing unit (GPU) has as of late been generally utilized as an issue broadly useful figuring gadget and indicated guaranteeing potential in quickening reckoning of chart issues. In this manner, The utilization of GPU to quicken the processing of the impact boost issue. Then again, the parallel handling ability of GPU can be completely misused in taking care of assignments with normal information access design. Sadly, the chart structures of generally real world organizations are very discontinuous, making GPU increasing speed a nontrivial assignment extreme execution debasement. The primary difficulties of full GPU quickening lie in the accompanying viewpoints. In the first place, the parallelism of impact spread calculation for every conceivable seed set is restricted by the quantity of hubs at each one level. Consequently, the computational force of GPU cant be completely misused on the off chance that we specifically outline issue to GPU for quickening. Second, as the level of hubs in generally social organizes essentially take after a force law dispersion, serious disparity between GPU strings will happen amid impact spread processing, genuinely corrupting the generally execution. Third, because of the unpredictable nature of true professional network, the memory gets to show poor spatial area, making it hard to fit the GPU computational model. To address the above difficulties, we propose a Gpu accelerated impact expansion skeleton, IMGPU, which goes for completely leveraging the parallel preparing ability of GPU. We first change over the social chart into a regulated non-cyclic chart (DAG) to evade excess count. At that point a Bottom-up traversal calculation (BUTA) is outlined and mapped to GPU with CUDA programming model. Our methodology gives generous change to the current successive methodologies by exploiting the inalienable parallelism in handling hubs inside a informal community. In light of the gimmick of the impact augmentation issue, we propose a set of versatile systems to investigate the most extreme limit of GPU and upgrade the execution of IMGPU. Specifically, we create a versatile K-level blend strategy to augment the parallelism among GPU strings. In the interim, we redesign the chart by level and degree conveyance to minimize the potential uniqueness and blend the memory access to the most extreme degree. We direct broad explores different avenues regarding both true and manufactured social system follows. Contrasted and the condition of-the-workmanship calculation Mixgreedy, IMGPU attains up to 60 speedup in the execution time and has the capacity scale up to remarkably huge scale systems which were never expected with the current consecutive methodologies. As an issue, the commitments of this paper are predominantly twofold. First and foremost, we show BUTA, a proficient base up traversal calculation which contains inborn parallelism for the impact boost issue. The BUTA to GPU building design to adventure the parallel transforming ability of GPU. Second, to best fit the GPU computational model, we propose a few viable streamlining systems to expand the parallelism, evade potential uniqueness, and blend memory access. The rest of this paper is composed as takes after: Area 2 gives preliminaries on impact expansion furthermore surveys related work. The IMGPU structure and relating GPU improvements are introduced in Section 3 furthermore Section 4, individually. We assess the IMGPU plan by far reaching tests and report the exploratory brings about Section 5. 2. PRELIMINARIES AND RELATED WORK In this segment, we introduce preparatory prologue to influence maximization, and survey related work. In influence maximization, an on-line informal organization is demonstrated as an issue graph G =(V,E,W), where V= {v1,v2,v3 ) speaks to the set of nodes in the graph, each of which relates to an individual client. Every node can be either dynamic or idle, and will change from being idle to being dynamic on the off chance that it is influenced by others nodes. E V  V is a situated of directed edges speaking to the relationship between diverse clients. Take Linked-In as an illustration. A directed edge will be secured from node vi to vj , if vi is trailed by vj , shows that v j is open to get tweets from vi , and therefore may be influenced by vi . G =(V,E,W), where V= {v1,v2,v3 ) is the weight of every node which shows its commitment to the influence spread. The weight 137 is instated as 1 for every node, implying that if this node is influenced by different nodes, its commitm ent to the influence spread is 1. The span of node set is n, and the quantity of edges is m. Node vi is known as a sink on the off chance that its out-degree is 0, and called a source on the off chance that its in-degree is 0. The independent cascade (IC) model is one of the most decently mulled over dispersion models. Given a beginning set S, the dissemination procedure of IC model unfolds as takes after: At step 0, just nodes in S are dynamic, while different nodes stay in the inert state. At step t, for every node vi which has recently changed from being inert to being dynamic, it has a solitary opportunity to enact every at present dormant neighbor v w , and succeeds with a likelihood . In the event that vi succeeds, v and w will get to be dynamic at step . In the event that v w has numerous recently initiated neighbours, their endeavours in actuating v w are sequenced in a subjective request. Such a procedure runs until no more actuations are conceivable We utilize to mean the influence spread of the introductor y set S, which is characterized as the normal number of dynamic nodes toward the end of influence proliferation. Given a graph G =(V,E,W) and a parameter K, the influence maximization issue in the IC model is to choose a subset of persuasive nodes S V of size K such that the influence spread is augmented toward the end of influence dissemination process. We proposed Mixgreedy that diminishes the computational many-sided quality by registering the minor influence spread for every node G =(V,E,W) in one single reenactment. Mixgreedy first figures out if an edge would be chosen for engendering or not with a given likelihood. At that point all the edges not chose are evacuated to structure another graph G =(V,E,W) . With this treatment, the negligible addition from adding node vi to S is the quantity of nodes that are reachable from vi , however inaccessible from all the nodes in S. To process the influence spread for every node, a fundamental execution is doing BFS for all verticess which takes O(m,n) MixGreedy incorporates Cohen’s randomized algorithm for estimating the marginal influence spread for each node, and afterward selects the node that offers the maximal influence spread. Embracing the above streamlining methods, MixGreedy can run much faster. In any case, the change is not sufficiently viable to lessen execution time to an adequate range especially for huge scale professional networks. In addition, Cohens algorithm provides no precision ensure. 3 IMGPU FRAMEWORK Here, we depict the IMGPU framework that empowers GPU-accelerated processing of influence maximization. Initially, we create BUTA that can exploit intrinsic parallelism and adequately lessen the complexity with guaranteed accuracy. 3.1BOTTOM-UP TRAVERSAL ALGORITHM We can get another graph from the original graph after haphazardly selecting edges from G. As opposed to doing BFS for every node which is noticeably wasteful, we can find that the negligible impact calculation of every node just depends on its child node; subsequently, we could get the impact spreads for all the node by crossing the diagram just once in a bottom-up way. The level of a node vi, is: We initially change over the graph to a DAG to keep away from repetitive computation and potential deadlock. Fig. 1.Bottom-up traversal. Fig. 2.Relation of nodes. Algorithm 2 displays the points of interest of BUTA, where R signifies the quantity of Monte-Carlo simulations. In each round of recreation, the graph is initially reproduced by selecting edges at a given likelihood and changing over into a DAG Then we begin the bottom up traversal level by level We utilize the in parallel build to demonstrate the codes that can be executed in parallel by GPU. Impact spreads of all hubs at the same level can be ascertained in parallel and the mark of every hub is then decided for future cover reckoning. After R rounds of reenactment, the hub giving the maximal negligible increase will be chosen and added to the set S. Fig. 3. Graph data representation. The advantages of BUTA is that we can enormously decrease the time and BUTA can promise preferred accuracy over Mixgreedy as we precisely figure impact spread for every node while Mixgreedy approximates them from Cohens calculation. 3.2BASELINE GPU IMPLEMENTATION In this area, we first depict the graph data structure utilized as a part of this work, and afterward discuss about the baseline implementation of IMGPU in point of interest. 3.2.1 DATA REPRESENTATION To execute IMGPU over the GPU structural planning, the customary nearness lattice representation is not a decent decision particularly for large-scale social networks. The reasons are. First and foremost, it costs memory space which altogether confines the span of informal community that can be taken care of by GPU. Second, the dormancy of information exchange from host to gadget and worldwide memory access is high, corrupting the general execution. Therefore, we utilize the compressed sparse row (CSR) format which is generally utilizedfor scanty framework representation 3.2.2 BASELINE IMPLEMENTATION The graph information is initially exchanged to the global memory of GPU. At that point, we allocate one string for every node to run the impact spread computation kerne. The impact spread processing bit meets expectations iteratively by level. Along these lines, the parallel handling ability of GPU is abused for impact maximization acceleration. 4 GPU-ORIENTED OPTIMIZATION In this area, we analyze figures that influence the execution of benchmark GPU usage and give viable improvements to accomplish better performance. 4.1DATA REORGANIZATION BUTA executes level by level in a bottomup manner. Strings in a twist are in charge of preparing diverse node. Then again, because of the SIMT peculiarity of GPU, strings in a warp execute the same direction at each one clock cycle. Subsequently, if strings in a twist are appointed to process hubs at distinctive levels, uniqueness will happen and affect diverse execution ways, which will essentially degrade the execution. Likewise, amid BUTA execution, strings need to acquire the visit data and the impact spreads of their child nodes. As the degrees of hubs in genuine informal communities principally take after a force law dissemination, there may exist incredible difference between the level of distinctive nodes. Such dissimilarity will seriously lessen the usage of GPU centers and corrupt the execution. To address these issues, we revamp the graph by presorting the graph, with the motivation behind making strings in a warp process nodes that are at the same level and with comparable degree however much as could reasonably be expected. 4.2ADAPTIVE K-LEVEL COMBINATION Baseline IMGPU usage computes impact spreads of node from bottom up by level, and subsequently its parallelism is restricted by the quantity of node at each one level. We can advantage more if there are sufficient node having a place with the same level to be handled, overall the parallel preparing capacity of GPU would be underexploited. For most cases, there is satisfactory parallelism to adventure since this present reality interpersonal organization is normally of vast scale. Notwithstanding, there do exist some specific levels which just contain a little number of node because of the intrinsic graph irregularity of social networks. 4.3MEMORY ACCESS COALESCENCE When we register the impact spread of a node, the string needs to get to the impact spreads of all the youngster node. Accordingly, for node with substantial degree, this will bring about countless gets to which will take long execution time. Such node, however representing a little rate of the whole graph, generously exist in a lot of people genuine social networks. 5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP In our experiments, we use traces professional networks of distinctive scales and diverse types, like LinkedIn We look at IMGPU and its advancement version IMGPU_O with the two existing eager algorithms and two heuristic algorithms, and Mixgreedy , ESMCE , PMIA, and Arbitrary. In addition, we also execute a CPU- based version of BUTA, alluded to as BUTA_CPU, to assess the execution of BUTA and the impact of parallelization. The itemized description of the information sets whats more algorithms can be found in which is accessible in the on-line supplemental material. 6 CONCLUSION In this paper, we present IMGPU, a novel structure that accelerates influence maximization for professional network in-order to spread the job notification by exploiting GPU. Specifically, we design a bottom up traversal algorithm, BUTA, which significantly reduces the computational unpredictability and contains inalienable parallelism. To adaptively fit BUTA with the GPU building design, we also investigate three viable optimizations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IMGPU significantly reduces the execution time of the existing sequential influence maximization algorithm while keeping up satisfying influence spread. REFERENCES [1] D. Bader and K. Madduri, â€Å"GTgraph: A Suite of Synthetic GraphGenerators,† http://www.cse.psu.edu/madduri/software/GTgraph/, Nov. 2012. [2] W. Chen, Y. Wang, and S. Yang, â€Å"Efficient Influence Maximizationin Social Networks,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery andData Mining (SIGKDD), pp. 199-208, 2009. [3] W. Chen, C. Wang, and Y. Wang, â€Å"Scalable Influence Maximiza-tion for Prevalent Viral Marketing in Large-Scale Social Net-works,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining(SIGKDD), pp. 1029-1038, 2010. [4] N. Bell and M. Garland, â€Å"Efficient Sparse Matrix-Vector Multi-plication on CUDA,† Technical Report NVR-2008-04, NVIDIA,Dec. 2008. [5] E. Cohen, â€Å"Size-Estimation Framework with Applications toTransitive Closure and Reachability,† J. Computer and SystemSciences, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 441-453, 1997. [6] P. Domingos and M. Richardson, â€Å"Mining the Network Value ofCustomers,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery and DataMining (SIGKDD), pp. 57-66, 2001. [7] J. Barnat, P. Bauch, L. Brim, and M. Ceska, â€Å"ComputingStrongly Connected Components in Parallel on CUDA,† Proc.IEEE 25th Int’l Parallel Distributed Processing Symp. (IPDPS), pp.544-555, 2011.

Anne Bradstreet: The Heretical Poet :: essays research papers fc

Anne Bradstreet: The Heretical Poet Greg Saxon The purpose of this research is to discuss heretical elements in the poetry of Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672). This is not to imply that Bradstreet was a heretic in the sense that American religious reformer Anne Hutchinson was. Hutchinson (1591-1643) emigrated to Boston in 1634 and preached a doctrine of salvation through intuitive apprehension of grace rather than by works, and attacked the rigid moral and legal codes of New England Puritanism. Anne Bradstreet accepted the tenets of Puritanism and was a very religious person. Anti-Puritan themes are, however, to be found in her poetry in terms of her religious doubts, her expression of personal emotions and thoughts, and her artistry. She did not write to preach or teach,, as Puritan writers were instructed to, but to express herself. It is this personal expression that forms the basis of the heretical elements in her poetry. To understand why personal expression may be considered heretical, the society in which Bradstreet lived and wrote must be examined in order to comprehend what kinds of human activities and behaviors were acceptable and how Bradstreet deviated from these behaviors. Bradstreet was not truly unorthodox in that she did not dissent from accepted beliefs and doctrine. She was a woman of the 17th Century and lived in a male dominated, intensely religious society. She lived within the limitations not only of the beliefs and standards of her society, but of her sex. A woman's place was definitely in the home in Colonial America. The experiences of women were considered narrow and trivial in comparison with men's. Puritanism was more than a religious belief; it was a way of life. "In the dozen years before 1640, some 15,000 Englishmen crossed the Atlantic in order to establish a 'Holy Commonwealth' in which that way of life could flourish"(Hall 1). The Puritans were a party in the Church of England that arose in Elizabeth's reign with the purpose of carrying out the Protestant reformation, and to base the Church of England on the foundation of the scriptures. Aside from a literal belief in the Bible, Puritans wholly accepted the doctrines of John Calvin and his stern legalistic theology. The Puritans held that religion should permeate every phase of living. The purpose of life was to do God's will; everything else was subordinate to this basic doctrine. The Colony set up by the English Puritans was essentially an experiment in Christian living. Religion and earning a living were the two priorities of the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In contrast to the Pilgrims, they were well-off and well-educated men, many of whom were professionals and

Ceo Cant Afford to Panic Essay

Joan Kaczmarek suggest that is important to help, he starts by coordinating a census of the people missing within the organization in order to find out whether some of the employees can be in danger. †¢Mr. Smarten is told by the security chief Mr. Paul Schlesinger that the police department are going to call soon to ask if they can use their lobby facilities as a triage centre and temporary morgue. †¢The market has fallen due to the news, the chief investment officer Ms. Dana Rosi advises Smarten to move as much activity to the New York and Chicago offices due to the fact that the investments need to be followed up and she is also worried that lending the facilities might bring negative impact on the company and shareholder’s value. †¢The Marketing VP Mr. Sal Persano is worried about the negative implications that the image and logo of the company appearing in pictures where the victims of the bombing are being kept might bring. †¢The general council mentions that lending the facilities might bring liability issues for the company. The opinions of the different members of the board differ. Some are concerned that lending the facilities in order to aid the police could generate bad association for the firm in the future, other are concerned that the company would fail to act ethically just in order to maintain its image, and others are concerned that the trading operations might be affected and that the firm will be unable to fulfil its obligations towards the clients and maintain shareholder’s value. Problem Identification 1. With little time and limited information, Mr. Smarten faces the dilemma of making a decision that could affect the image of the company for better or for worse. The decision that has to be made needs to take into consideration both the business’s shareholders’ interests while at the same time being an ethical and humane decision that looks for the employee’s, bombing victims and community wellbeing. 2. The team’s point of views regarding what needs to be done differ, as they all look after the interests of the particular area they work for. Issue Analysis Mr. Smarten needs to choose an option that portrays his personal values as well as business professionalism. Should he lend the facilities for morgue use or shouldn’t he? Can he come up with another solution for the request? Should he make the decision by himself, or would a consensus decision making be appropriate? This situation calls for a leader that has self-confidence, trustworthiness and courage as personality traits. Du Brin (2013) describes a self-confident leader as one that can maintain composure and calm when dealing when a crisis, Mr. Smarten firstly needs to communicate this self-confidence to the rest of his team even if he isn’t quite feeling this way. Whatever decision Mr. Smarten take will reflect on how trustworthy he is, his colleagues will conclude based on his actions weather he is a trustworthy leader, especially when they put themselves in the situation where one of them could be present at the bombings. Courage is the leadership attribute that Mr. Smarten will need the most in this type of situation, Du Brin (2013) describes courage as the attribute of a person that takes responsibility for his actions. Organization now a days have complex environments with everyday ethical challenges that must be faced (Hunter, 2003), and therefore require that managers with the appropriate character to deal with them. Du Brin (2013) also mentions the importance of cognitive intelligence as an attribute of effective leadership. Mr. Smarten need to have good problem solving skills that arise from being cognitively intelligent, as in this scenario the time to make a decision is limited; he must also act with creativity. Mr. Smarten needs to have farsightedness in order to understand the long term consequence his decision might bring for his coworkers, the firm and the community itself. In a short term, he needs to have as much insight into the situation as possible, Du Brin (2013) notes that effective problem solving also requires intuition and common sense. The problem Mr. Smarten faces is that he needs to make the most ethically decision possible trying to protect the interests of different groups of people, and most probably some of the decision taken will negatively affect one or the other parties. Mr. Smarten need to act with moral courage, which has been described by Kidder (2005) as â€Å"a commitment to moral principles, an awareness of the danger involved in supporting those principles and a willing endurance of that danger†. In a short period of time, and with the team’s members opinion’s differing from one another, Mr. Smarten could try to apply the six questions to evaluate the ethics of a specific decision (Bentley College, 2013): 1. Is the decision right? 2. Is it fair? 3. Who gets hurt? 4. Would Mr. Smarten be comfortable if the details of his decision were made public in the media? 5. What would Mr. Smarten tell his child or relative to do? 6. How does the decision feel? Hannah et all (2011) introduce the concept of pro-social behavior which describe behavior in leaders that go beyond his specific role requirements, a behavior in which the leader takes action to protect both the organization, coworkers and community. In this particular situation which was triggered by an external event (bombings) protecting everyone’s interest might not be possible by taking one single decision. Potential solutions (Analysis, Advantages, Disadvantages) The following lines explore the potential solutions and why to approve the potential request from the city †¢Inspiring a positive atmosphere in order outbreak the panic if any, with in the group members. Mr. Smarten should have self-confidence, trustworthiness and courage personality traits in order to be able to transfer his commitment to the group and the organization. He should be a charismatic leader, and have a relationship between the group members and the Stakeholders, in order to guide his personality traits to demonstrate self-sacrifice and the high performance, by expressing positive emotions and thoughts to enhance their positive affect. For instance he may mention the positives for his group members and the company; as it is good that no one from the group members is on sight, and fortunately the company is a few blocks away and did not have any damages (DuBrin, P107, 2013). He can also articulate a high emotional message for instance saying; â€Å"that we are encountering a serious situation and if we well behaved, we may save someone’s’ life† (DuBrin, P109, 2013). He can also bring some other successful examples, from another firm’s behaviours as metaphors and analogies to motivate the group and inspire his positive message (DuBrin, P117, 2013). By being enthusiastic, optimistic and energetic, he can create a Vision for others in order to change the room’s total environment from a turmoil horror to a productive positive atmosphere suitable to take decisive decisions. †¢Taking ethical and moral decisions In this part, it is recommended that Mr. Gerald Smarten to emphasize on mentioning the probability of him scarifying his career, if his decisions did not meet with the stockholder’s expectations, in order to help the city. It was already demonstrated that Mr. Smarten was honest and trustworthy in putting out his concerns about the stakeholder’s reactions, in front of everybody, as Mr. Kaczmarek said. Ethically, Mr. smarten should not pay any attention for the Italian marble in these kinds of events, especially when they have 23 employees on absence, while from the other side, he should not ignore the proposition from Mr. Kaczmarek on the same time, as leaders should respect the individual’s opinions. The advantages from this point of view, beside self-satisfaction of taking moral and ethical decision, the benefits that may occur from the media publishing this behavior, in which will have a positive impact on the company’s goodwill and reputation. †¢Turn the crises upside-down into an opportunity. Now, after the recommended decision, which is to accept the city demand, Mr Smarten should lead the group and coach it, trying to make the most benefit out of it. Inspirited from the case of the tragic accident in Chile when 33 mine workers were trapped in a gold mine, the leader Andre Sougarett was able to turn it into an opportunity, when he succeeded with his team, pulling out all the 33 workers alive after 69 days (DuBrin, P2, 2013). This could be implemented when group members start to have the positive mood, high valences as well as instrumentalities. After putting all fears a part and removing horror from all of the team, Mr Smarten should start to motivate all members in explaining his vision and motivate them to have the appeal to perform and produce immediately. As long as he have No alternatives decisions, it is either â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†, leaders should get out of the box and be creative to bring alternatives to approach decisions (Hmamond, Keeney & Raiffa, 1999). These kind of reactions, like saving lives, can turn the catastrophic events in to a successful story like the one happened with Sougarett (Illiano & Wade, 2010). Nerveless, it can be a lesson for other firms and other industries; an airplane crash can be a lesson in another side of the world for anther industry (Fortune & Peters, 1995, P02). This will conclude that Mr. Smarten should be more autocratic than democratic to take fast decisive decisions in the meeting and send everyone to work to help using the company’s lobby facilities as a triage centre and temporary morgue. †¢Leading by example: Mr Smarten being in such a fix, with everything on the line and with the clock ticking, needs to make a decision quickly. And as the title of the case ready â€Å"The CEO Can’t afford to panic† is true in itself as it is in times like these that people need to step up, keep calm, and make sure that panic does not seep through the entire organization. This is exactly the time where-in CEO Gerald Smarten needs to lead by example. He should have reason and judgement while making decisions. Gerald Smarten should answer the call of the community and provide Kaspa’s lobby as a triage center. The only negative would be the short-term liability issues, but on the other hand this ethical decision would help create and root seed of morale within the organizations, and it will set a good example, and would be good press for the company. This decision is not only the ethical and right thing to do but it will also create goodwill and greater loyalty towards the organization over the long run. Coming towards this decision Mr Smarten has to answer only one question. Would I be able to look at myself into the mirror, knowing that I could have aided and saved innocent people? missing staff ? Best solution Since limited of time and information were provided, Mr. Smarten should make a quick and precise decision whether he should allow lending the company facilities for a triage center and temporary morgue as requested or not. According to this scenario, Mr. Smarten should respond to the request as soon as possible by gathering information inside Kaspa and balancing the benefit of the company, employee and community’s wellbeing. There was no any alternative decisions be provided, he could say either â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"No† so that answering with â€Å"Yes, and†¦. † could be the best solution that balance the benefit for every single side. A good leader should be able convey precise answer while he could raise up any concerns regarding to the issue by adding up the conjunction like â€Å"and†, not â€Å"but† after concrete response, in order to create goodwill and make the respondents open minded to what the leader are concerning. The best solution Mr. Smarten should decide is to say â€Å"Yes, we will help community saving injured victims, but we have to clarify the truth and build trustworthiness toward the firm on media. † The first thing Mr. Smarten could do is to keep clam, not express panic or frustration in order to build self-assured among team member. By doing this, Mr. Smarten could respond to the request by convey such a message to encourage staff to support his decision such as â€Å"We understand that using our company’s facilities to be served as a triage center may reflect negative images to the company and shareholder’s value, but I know we can rebuild trust back to the company. Using positive wording to back up self-confidence of the leader may result to leadership effectiveness Du Brin (2013). In addition, being self-confident could help Mr. Smarten maintain calmness when dealing with a crisis. After keeping himself and others calm during turmoil, he could ask for consensus decision by gather ing all departments to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each decision that would be made. Ultimately, saying â€Å"yes† to allow lending the company facilities for a triage center and temporary morgue would be the best solution which reflect ethical and humane character of leader as well as create company’s reputation. Mr. Smarten should be aware that there is no decision that would not affect one another so that choosing to help community may result to liability issue afterward which is a short-term effect. However, using the company’s facility to serve injured victims during the crisis can reflect ethical and humane reputation toward Kaspa which is considered as long-term result. This reflects farsightedness traits of leadership; to concern more on long-term result rather than immediate result Du Blin (2013). Meanwhile, Mr. Smarten should show up his leadership skill to get through the crisis by bring out his leadership traits. He could assign one responsible person to be present at the bombing site to enhance trustworthiness and responsibility of himself as well as the company which benefit the whole image of Kaspa and employees (Kalshoven K. , Hartog D. N. , 2009). Whatever the result would be, he should have courage to take responsibility for the decision he made. Even the media spread the news of using the company serving bomb victims; Mr. Smarten could turn crisis to the opportunity build up company’s goodwill and reputation. To be effective leadership, Mr. Smarten should sacrifices the immediate interest of the firm but not an amount of unselfish concern (Ciulla J. B. , 2003) Conclusion Thus as mentioned in the case the troubles caused due to the bombing has impacted the neighbouring community and has put CEO of Kaspa Mr Smarten in a difficult spot. However with certain traits such as farsightedness, reason & judgement, ethical and moral approach and courage are among a few traits that helps him make the tough decisions and be able to successfully lead his team through this tough time.

Economic Importance Of Sorghum-Contract Farming Essay Example

Economic Importance Of Sorghum Economic Importance Of Sorghum-Contract Farming Essay Economic Importance Of Sorghum-Contract Farming Essay This agreement specifies the conditions for the production and marketing of a farms product or products. In this case the armed agrees to produce a certain quantity of the product that meets the quality standards required by the buyer, at a specified time (Sings, 2005). The buyer then commits to purchase this quantity of the output, sometimes at a predetermined price. The buyer can also choose to support production of the product by supplying farm inputs or providing technical advice. There are different models of contract farming arrangements including the centralized, intermediary, multivariate and informal models. A centralized model involves one processor who purchases materials from a large number of small-scale rammers, and in most cases the processor offers the farmer services such as financing the inputs, extension services and transportation. The intermediary model has similar characteristics with the centralized model but an intermediary organisms the contract on behalf of the buyer. Multivariate on the other hand comes up when sellers while informal models are oral and do not have formal written contracts (Cello et al. 2012) Contract farming has become attractive to agricultural producers and processors of agricultural products over the years, (Storms and Hoofer, 2006). In Kenya for example, contract farming has been widely used in horticultural e. G. French beans and poultry industries. In Ghana it has been used in fruit industry for passions, pineapples and mangoes, while in Zanzibar it has been 5 used in the cotton industry (Cello et al. , 2012). This is because of the benefits both the farmers and the contracting companies derive from it and the risk sharing feature of contract farming that leads to a reduction of risk for both parties. According to Africa Harvest (2009), sorghum is the worlds fifth most important cereal rope and a staple food to more than half a billion people in the world 60% of whom are in Africa. Sorghums domestication origin is in Ethiopia and the countries surrounding it between the years 4000-3000 BC (Limbo et al. , 2010). It is a crop with many uses ranging from human food, animal feed to being used to make befouls and in the brewing industry. The grain of sorghum is red or yellow and it is eaten with the hull, where most of its nutrients reside. It is high in fiber, iron, and zinc and with fairly high proteins. Sorghum is a staple food crop for many low-income households in Kenya and has for any years been considered as Just a food crop and not a commercial crop (Muumuu et al. , 2013). In recent years, however sorghum has started being viewed more as a commercial than subsistence crop. There has been growing demand for sorghum within the brewing industry for use in beer production. The beer industry has started to play a key role in the value chain for sorghum. This is largely due to the Babels increasing demand for higher quality sorghum varieties, such as gad or gating, which has opened new marketing channels for producers. In fact, many producers have been contracted to grow sorghum for FABLE directly. On average, 53 per cent of the total sorghum supply in Kenya each year is consumed as in the form of grain or flour, while 24 per cent is processed to make other commodities (e. G. Beer), 11 per cent goes to waste, 10 per cent goes to the animal feed industry and 2 per cent is used as seed for planting (FASTEST, 2012). In Kenya sorghum production is concentrated in the south-western and south-central parts of the country. In the year 2011, Eastern, Anza, Western and Rift Valley provinces accounted for about 99 per cent of the countrys sorghum production (MN-ERA, 2012). 6 between the years 2000 and 2012 FASTEST, 2013) From fig 1 above, we can see that the highest production of sorghum was in the year 2012. The highest area under sorghum cultivation was also in the same year. Between 1990 and 2011, sorghum production has varied considerably, due to changes in yield and area harvested. The average annual growth in production over these years has been 10 per cent. The lowest point in production was in 2008. The decline in production was due to political instability following Jennys 2007 elections that caused a reduction in total area of land cultivated and consequently a reduction n yield. By the year 2010, the production was recovered to previous levels and had exceeded it. The growth experienced between the years 2008 and 2010 was due to the promotion of sorghum as a drought resistant crop in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (Seals). Attractive prices due to increased demand e. G. FABLE and improvements in productivity of the sorghum varieties also encouraged the farmers especially those in SAL areas to devote more parcels of land to sorghum cultivation. Contract farming between FABLE and farmers in South Anza and Track Ninth has also raised the reduction. The research problem Studies analyzing the impact of contract farming have been undertaken in different countries and for different crops (Stiffen and Convey, 2005; Dillon et al. 2006; Porter and Howard, 1997). These studies have found that although contract farming has its disadvantages, it has a positive effect on the incomes of small holder farmers and also increases productivity. A study has also been carried out to analyze the role of state in contract farming (Sings, 2005) and how policies made by government affect the farmer-company relationship. However, these studies have been carried out in other countries and no study has been carried out to analyze contract farming, in Kenya so far. The analysis of the economic importance of sorghum-contract farming that is currently underway in the country has also not been documented. This is a significant knowledge gap, since understanding of its economic importance will enlighten the farmers and consequently lead to growth of the sorghum industry in Kenya. The purpose of this study is to assess the economic importance of sorghum-contract farming in Making County. The specific objectives of the study are: To assess the factors that affect farmers participation in contract farming.   To assess the effect of contract farming on household income. Hypothesis The hypothesis to be tested in this study is: 0 Engaging in contract farming does not increase household income. Justification of the study This study is important as it will reveal the economic importance of contract farming in general, and specifically for sorghum-contract farming in Making County. This information will be important for agricultural processing companies, agricultural producers or farmers and the government of Kenya. The information can benefit them in the following ways:Agricultural producers or farmers will be able to understand how contract farming can benefit them and help them better their agricultural activities. The farmers, e. G. Those in Making County, will be able to make informed decisions, using this information on whether or not to participate in chromatograms farming. Agricultural processing companies on the other hand will use this information in assessing whether or not they should make contractual relations with farmers. The government will use this information to determine whether or not they would formulate policies to promote sorghum-contract farming and contract farming in general in the country. They will also use this information to formulate policies to regulate such contractual relationships so as to ensure that both the contracting companies and the farmers are protected. Study area Making County was chosen as the area of study because it is one of the SAL (Arid and Semiarid Lands) regions in Kenya. According to the 2009 census, the county, which covers a land area of 8,008. Km , has a population of 884,527 people.   The county has an estimated poverty level of 4%. Agriculture can be used as a method of alleviating poverty in this area since it has a large portion of uncultivated land. However, it being an SAL area, very few crops can do well in the county. Sorghum is a drought resistant crop that can thrive in this region but the crop does not thrive due to challenges in its production. These challenges are mostly constraints associated with lack of funds to acquire quality problem for these farmers and consequently increase production of the crop in the area. Therefore information on the economic importance of sorghum-contract arming in this region is important. Organization of the report The proposal is arranged as follows: Chapter two provides an overview of relevant literature on contract farming. Chapter three contains the methodology used in this study. Chapter four outlines the results obtained from the research; Chapter five contains the conclusion and finally Chapter six contains a list of references that I have used in this study. LITERATURE REVIEW farming for agribusiness farmers in Mexico. The purpose of the study was to analyses the impact of contract farming on farmers and firms that engage in it. They found out that contract farming has both advantages and disadvantages to both growers and the contracting companies. However, the farmers still entered into the contracting agreements despite its disadvantages because the contracting companies offer alternative financing, technical assistance and access to market. A study of contract farming in Punjab, India was conducted by Dillon and Sings (2006). The purpose of the study was to analyses the problems, challenges and opportunities of contract farming in a micro level. They employed the use of surveys in data collection. They found out that contract farming is more prevalent among medium size farmers than large scale farmers, and its adoption is higher in educated than in non-educated farmers. Contract farming was also found to lend stability to farmers income in this study through minimizing price variations. The authors of this paper recommended promotion of contract farming use in marketing of perishable agricultural products. A study on the role of state in promotion of contract farming as a means to lead to agricultural development was conducted in Thailand (Sings, 2005). It was found that although the state intervened in contract situations, contract farming was widespread. It also found that policies made by state should focus on contract farming, so that they can be more effective. Muumuu et al. , (2013), conducted a study on the factors affecting sorghum production and use in Eastern Kenya. The purpose of this study was to find out the socio-economic factors that affect sorghum production in the area, the sorghum farming systems used by the farmers and the different ways farmers in the region used sorghum. They found out that farmers in the region used orgasm mostly for subsistence use and they acquired the planting seeds from informal systems. Production of sorghum in the area was found to be low due to constraints associated with lack of funds to purchase materials like fertilizer and pesticides and use of low quality seeds that are susceptible to pests and diseases. METHODOLOGY Data collection and sampling procedure The targeted population in this study is the sorghum farmers in Making County. Making County was selected because sorghum-contract farming is currently ongoing in the area. A sample of thirty one respondents was selected. This sample as selected in accordance to the rule of large numbers (Central Limit Theorem), which states that a sample that is greater than or equal to thirty is a large and sufficient number to make precise estimates to the various properties of the population. The sample was selected through random sampling from two sub counties of the larger Making County, Wet and Kibitz. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. It was administered through face to face interviews of the respondents. The structured questionnaire was preferred as it made data collection easier and faster. Face to face interviews on the rebel and nonverbal sues. It also allowed for clarification incase the farmer did not understand the questionnaire and to better understand the farmers responds. The data collected from the farmers included both demographic and socio-economic information. The demographic factors included: age, gender, occupation and education level, while the socio- economic factors included: farm size, income per year, involvement in contract farming and involvement in farmers groups. Access to government extension services was also one of the socio-economic factors included in the questionnaire. Model specification Ordinary Least Squares method was used in determining the factors that influence farmers involvement in contract farming. This model is used in estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. Linear regression is a statistical method of estimating the relationship among variables. 12 The model equation is as follows: y : is the dependent variable a : is the y-intercept is the unknown parameter that will be estimated is the independent variable that affects the dependent variable I : is the standard error SPAS 16. 0 was used for data entry and analysis. Descriptive data will also be obtained. This data is useful in analyzing the farmers characteristics quantitatively using percentages. This will help in analyzing the impact of contract farming on farmers income. Variables included in regression the model Factors expected to affect farmers participation in contract farming Variable Description Age of the respondent in years Sex of the respondent Expected effect Age Ð’Â ± Gender Ð’Â ± Education Size of the farm owned by the respondent. Ð’Â ± Group membership Whether the respondent is a member of a farmers group. + Gobo extension Whether the respondent has received government extension ring that planting season. The age of the respondent is an important factor to consider because it determines the risk behavior of the individual. Older farmers are more likely to participate in contract farming than younger farmers. This is because they are more risk averse and would prefer the security that is offered by contract farming, as opposed to younger farmers who are risk takers. However, age might also reduce the likelihood of participation since older farmers are sometimes resistant to new technology. The sex of the farmer also affects their participation in contract farming. Men are greater risk takers than women and are thus predicted to be less likely to participate in contract farming. However, men are also more receptive of modern farming practices and this might increase their likelihood of their engagement in contract farming. Education level of the respondent may either positively or negatively affect their participation in contract farming. More educated individuals (tertiary education and above) are likely to have more access to information on modern agricultural practices like contract farming. This would most likely lead to most of them participating in interact farming. However, more educated individuals also have more access to information on available markets and this may reduce their likelihood to participate in contract farming. Farmers with large farms and plantations are predicted to be more likely to engage in contract farming than farmers with small plantations. This is because they produce large amounts and would want to have an assured market. On the other hand, these large-scale farmers may be discouraged from contract farming since they have better bargaining power in the market. Farmers who are members off group are predicted o be more likely to engage in contract farming. This is because they have better access to information on modern agricultural practices. Therefore, group membership is predicted to positively influence participation in contract farming.